Influence of oxide balance on phase evolution and sintering behaviour of porcelain tiles containing waste glass, blast furnace slag and cement-derived wastes
Ceramics International, cilt.52, sa.21, ss.38445-38460, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 52 Sayı: 21
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2026.06.310
- Dergi Adı: Ceramics International
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Chemical Abstracts Core, Compendex, INSPEC, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Engineering Source (EBSCO)
- Sayfa Sayıları: ss.38445-38460
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Porcelain tiles, Alkali and alkaline-earth oxides, Sintering mechanism, Anorthite crystallization
- Uşak Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
This study investigates the effects of waste glass, blast furnace slag, cement raw mix waste, and cement kiln chimney waste on the phase evolution, sintering behaviour, and microstructural development of porcelain tile bodies, with particular emphasis on the balance between alkali (Na2O, K2O) and alkaline-earth oxides (CaO, MgO). While the influence of individual waste materials on porcelain systems has been extensively studied, the combined effect of multiple industrial wastes on oxide balance and the resulting changes in densification behaviour and crystallization tendency remain insufficiently understood. A combined approach involving Seger oxide analysis, XRD, non-contact optical dilatometry, SEM, and technological property measurements was employed. The results showed that increasing alkali content promoted earlier liquid-phase formation and accelerated densification, increasing the maximum shrinkage rate from 0.0105 × 10−3 (RF) to 0.0190 × 10−3 (GW4). However, excessive glass formation reduced flexural strength to 232 kg/cm2 due to over-firing and microstructural coarsening. In contrast, CaO-rich compositions promoted anorthite formation, resulting in more controlled densification behaviour and improved dimensional stability. The optimum compositions, GBW5 and GBCK6, achieved flexural strengths of approximately 482 and 480 kg/cm2, respectively, while maintaining water absorption values below 0.01%. Based on the investigated compositions, a transition in sintering behaviour was observed near a flux ratio of approximately 0.71, corresponding to a shift from alkali-rich, glass-dominated systems toward compositions increasingly influenced by crystallization processes. These findings indicate a strong relationship between oxide balance, liquid-phase development, phase evolution, and technological performance. The proposed compositional framework provides practical guidance for the design of sustainable porcelain tile formulations incorporating multiple industrial wastes and offers a basis for future industrial optimization aimed at reducing firing energy consumption and improving dimensional stability.